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Could a CA bill on tortillas improve maternal health?

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Monday, April 15, 2024

A premature baby in incubator. Photo via iStock California is struggling to provide maternal health for its residents. But as one proposal aims to prevent birth defects, another has received hateful pushback that’s been condemned by both political parties. As CalMatters health reporter Ana B. Ibarra writes, Assemblymember Joaquin Arambula has introduced a bill that would require corn masa flour makers to add 0.7 milligrams of folic acid per pound of flour. Though federal law requires other grain products, such as cereals, breads and pasta, be fortified with folic acid, corn masa flour is not included. The corn flour is a key ingredient used in many classic Latino foods. Arambula, a Fresno Democrat and physician, to CalMatters: “Food is the best way that we can get folic acid into our communities before they’re pregnant. Oftentimes the prenatal vitamins that we give to pregnant people are too late.”  Research has shown that folic acid, which can be found in prenatal and women’s multi-vitamins, promotes healthy cell growth, and can prevent birth defects when taken before and during the early weeks of pregnancy. Since 1998, when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration handed down the requirement, the proportion of babies born with neural tube defects dropped by 35%. But between 2017 and 2019, only about 28% of Latinas reported taking folic acid the month before becoming pregnant, compared to 46% of white women. Women on Medi-Cal, the state’s health insurance program for low-income families, are also less likely to take folic acid before pregnancy compared to women on private insurance.  To learn more about the proposal, read Ana’s story. Another bill related to maternal health, Assembly Bill 2319, was the subject of a racist letter sent to members of the Health Committee, according to lawmakers. The measure would require healthcare providers to undergo training for implicit bias, and for the training to include “recognition of intersecting identities.”  The bill’s co-author, Assemblymember Lori Wilson, said the letter was “vile and hateful.” Assembly Republicans also said the letter had no place in legislative debate: “While we may not always agree on policy, we are united to strongly condemn racism and the evil ideology behind this letter.” Wilson, a Suisun City Democrat who is chairperson of the Legislative Black Caucus, vowed to carry on with the measure. The proposals by Arumbula and Wilson follow state data showing that in 2020 California saw a ten-year high of pregnancy-related deaths. Black expectant mothers are particularly vulnerable: They are three times more likely to die of pregnancy-related complications than others. It’s a point raised by former state Senate leader Toni Atkins in a social media post last week. Meanwhile, maternity wards across the state are closing, creating “maternity care deserts,” and California midwives treating Medi-Cal patients struggle to keep their businesses afloat. A February report from the state auditor also found that state health departments failed to track the effectiveness of a perinatal care program for Medi-Cal patients. Digital Democracy: CalMatters has launched Digital Democracy, a project using the latest technologies to help Californians understand their state government and create more accountability for politicians. The website introduces each of the state’s 120 legislators and explains this year’s policy agenda. In our unprecedented database, you can instantly find any word uttered in a public hearing, every vote cast, every bill introduced and every dollar donated. For more details, see our about and methodology pages and read more from our engagement team. Other Stories You Should Know Builders can challenge impact fees New housing construction in a neighbourhood in Elk Grove on July 8, 2022. Photo by Rahul Lal, CalMatters From CalMatters housing reporter Ben Christopher:It’s about to get more difficult for local governments to slap construction projects with certain fees — and a bit easier for developers to sue governments when they do.  That’s thanks to a unanimous ruling the U.S. Supreme Court handed down Friday. As many court watchers expected, the justices sided with George Sheetz, a septuagenarian retiree who sued El Dorado County over a $23,420 building fee. Sheetz’s lawyers argued that the county should have had to prove that this five-digit fee matched the cost that his manufactured home actually would inflict on local roads and highways. That requirement was established in a four-decade-old court ruling also out of California. El Dorado County, with the backing of both the Gov. Gavin Newsom and President Joe Biden administrations, countered that such a high bar is only required of one-off fees levied by regulators, not fees scheduled for all developments and established by elected bodies, like the county board of supervisors. In its 9-0 ruling, the Supreme Court said that “there is no basis for affording property rights less protection in the hands of legislators than administrators.” A few possible consequences of the ruling: Cities and counties now have to show that impact fees are connected to and “roughly proportionate” to the fiscal impact of a given development. That could have the unintended consequence of slowing down permitting.  Developers may now have a powerful new legal tool to challenge fees that they think are too high. And they are high here. As of 2015, the average impact fee on a single family home in California was more than four times the national average. But it’s too soon to say exactly how all of this will shake out. That’s because the court stopped short of saying exactly how far governments have to go to justify their fees — or whether El Dorado County already cleared that hurdle in this case. Those questions were left to lower courts. State cracks down on water Armona’s new $9 million well and treatment facility to remove arsenic in its water supply. Photo by Larry Valenzuela, CalMatters/CatchLight Local The State Water Resources Control Board is poised to penalize Kings County groundwater agencies for failing to manage overpumping in the region’s water supply — a move that would set a new precedent. As CalMatters water reporter Rachel Becker explains, the board on Tuesday is expected to decide whether to put county agencies on probation for unsuccessfully restricting farmers’ overdrafting of the water supply from the Tulare Lake underground basin. If the board decides to crack down, it will be the first time the state imposes penalties under a landmark 2014 law that requires agencies to achieve groundwater sustainability by 2040.The board’s decision could also signal how the state will approach five other overpumped San Joaquin Valley basins that may face probation as well. Overpumping in Kings County has caused household and community water wells to dry up and land to sink, which endangers canals, aqueducts and flood-controlling levees. And because wells must reach deeper into the ground to extract water, contaminants such as arsenic are released and cause water contamination levels to rise. Putting Kings County agencies on probation could mean imposing state fees totaling as much as $10 million a year, according to a CalMatters analysis. It could also lead to state regulators eventually managing the region’s groundwater. This has small farmers in the region concerned that they’ll be forced out of business due to the state’s steep fees. The basin provides drinking and irrigation water for 146,000 residents and supports a multibillion-dollar agricultural industry. For more on this issue, read Rachel’s story. California’s water crisis, explained: CalMatters has a detailed look at how California might increase its water supply, and a dashboard tracking the state’s water situation. CalMatters Commentary Ideas festival: CalMatters is hosting its first one, in Sacramento on June 5-6. It will include a discussion on broadband access and a session with Zócalo Public Square on California’s next big idea. Featured speakers include Julián Castro, CEO of the Latino Community Foundation, and Barbara McQuade, a former U.S. attorney and MSNBC legal analyst. Find out more from our engagement team and buy tickets here. Other things worth your time: Some stories may require a subscription to read. CA granted federal disaster relief for historic February storms // Los Angeles Times  Ballot measure for America’s highest wage could be victim of past wins // Politico Prop. 22 gains liberal support as case heads to state high court // San Francisco Chronicle PG&E customers were billed for a TV promo campaign // The Sacramento Bee Google blocks some CA news as fight over online journalism bill escalates // Politico Bill to mandate ‘science of reading’ in CA classrooms dies // EdSource CA abortions increased after Roe vs. Wade was overturned // Los Angeles Times The first high-speed rail trains are closer to coming to CA // San Francisco Chronicle Environmental concerns raised by rocket flights // The San Diego Union-Tribune SF jails lock down after alleged assaults on staff // Los Angeles Times SF background check startup Checkr cutting 260 jobs // San Francisco Examiner SF $2B Central Subway has lots of leaks, few riders // The San Francisco Standard Kern County activist faces 18 felony counts over alleged threats // Los Angeles Times Former Windsor mayor’s accusers speak out on no charges // San Francisco Chronicle

California is struggling to provide maternal health for its residents. But as one proposal aims to prevent birth defects, another has received hateful pushback that’s been condemned by both political parties. As CalMatters health reporter Ana B. Ibarra writes, Assemblymember Joaquin Arambula has introduced a bill that would require corn masa flour makers to add […]

A premature baby in incubator. Photo via iStock
A premature baby in incubator. Photo via iStock
A premature baby in incubator. Photo via iStock

California is struggling to provide maternal health for its residents. But as one proposal aims to prevent birth defects, another has received hateful pushback that’s been condemned by both political parties.

As CalMatters health reporter Ana B. Ibarra writes, Assemblymember Joaquin Arambula has introduced a bill that would require corn masa flour makers to add 0.7 milligrams of folic acid per pound of flour. Though federal law requires other grain products, such as cereals, breads and pasta, be fortified with folic acid, corn masa flour is not included. The corn flour is a key ingredient used in many classic Latino foods.

  • Arambula, a Fresno Democrat and physician, to CalMatters: “Food is the best way that we can get folic acid into our communities before they’re pregnant. Oftentimes the prenatal vitamins that we give to pregnant people are too late.” 

Research has shown that folic acid, which can be found in prenatal and women’s multi-vitamins, promotes healthy cell growth, and can prevent birth defects when taken before and during the early weeks of pregnancy. Since 1998, when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration handed down the requirement, the proportion of babies born with neural tube defects dropped by 35%.

But between 2017 and 2019, only about 28% of Latinas reported taking folic acid the month before becoming pregnant, compared to 46% of white women. Women on Medi-Cal, the state’s health insurance program for low-income families, are also less likely to take folic acid before pregnancy compared to women on private insurance. 

To learn more about the proposal, read Ana’s story.

Another bill related to maternal health, Assembly Bill 2319, was the subject of a racist letter sent to members of the Health Committee, according to lawmakers.

The measure would require healthcare providers to undergo training for implicit bias, and for the training to include “recognition of intersecting identities.” 

The bill’s co-author, Assemblymember Lori Wilson, said the letter was “vile and hateful.”

Assembly Republicans also said the letter had no place in legislative debate: “While we may not always agree on policy, we are united to strongly condemn racism and the evil ideology behind this letter.”

Wilson, a Suisun City Democrat who is chairperson of the Legislative Black Caucus, vowed to carry on with the measure.

The proposals by Arumbula and Wilson follow state data showing that in 2020 California saw a ten-year high of pregnancy-related deaths. Black expectant mothers are particularly vulnerable: They are three times more likely to die of pregnancy-related complications than others. It’s a point raised by former state Senate leader Toni Atkins in a social media post last week.

Meanwhile, maternity wards across the state are closing, creating “maternity care deserts,” and California midwives treating Medi-Cal patients struggle to keep their businesses afloat. A February report from the state auditor also found that state health departments failed to track the effectiveness of a perinatal care program for Medi-Cal patients.


Digital Democracy: CalMatters has launched Digital Democracy, a project using the latest technologies to help Californians understand their state government and create more accountability for politicians. The website introduces each of the state’s 120 legislators and explains this year’s policy agenda. In our unprecedented database, you can instantly find any word uttered in a public hearing, every vote cast, every bill introduced and every dollar donated. For more details, see our about and methodology pages and read more from our engagement team.


Other Stories You Should Know


Builders can challenge impact fees

New housing construction in a neighbourhood in Elk Grove on July 8, 2022. Photo by Rahul Lal, CalMatters

From CalMatters housing reporter Ben Christopher:

It’s about to get more difficult for local governments to slap construction projects with certain fees — and a bit easier for developers to sue governments when they do. 

That’s thanks to a unanimous ruling the U.S. Supreme Court handed down Friday.

As many court watchers expected, the justices sided with George Sheetz, a septuagenarian retiree who sued El Dorado County over a $23,420 building fee.

Sheetz’s lawyers argued that the county should have had to prove that this five-digit fee matched the cost that his manufactured home actually would inflict on local roads and highways. That requirement was established in a four-decade-old court ruling also out of California.

El Dorado County, with the backing of both the Gov. Gavin Newsom and President Joe Biden administrations, countered that such a high bar is only required of one-off fees levied by regulators, not fees scheduled for all developments and established by elected bodies, like the county board of supervisors.

In its 9-0 ruling, the Supreme Court said that “there is no basis for affording property rights less protection in the hands of legislators than administrators.”

A few possible consequences of the ruling:

  • Cities and counties now have to show that impact fees are connected to and “roughly proportionate” to the fiscal impact of a given development. That could have the unintended consequence of slowing down permitting. 
  • Developers may now have a powerful new legal tool to challenge fees that they think are too high.

And they are high here. As of 2015, the average impact fee on a single family home in California was more than four times the national average.

But it’s too soon to say exactly how all of this will shake out. That’s because the court stopped short of saying exactly how far governments have to go to justify their fees — or whether El Dorado County already cleared that hurdle in this case. Those questions were left to lower courts.

State cracks down on water

The water treatment facility in Armona on April 4, 2024. Armona, a small unincorporated community home to farmworkers in Kings County, had substantial arsenic contamination until a new $9 million well was installed more than 1,200 feet deep. Photo by Larry Valenzuela, CalMatters/CatchLight Local
Armona’s new $9 million well and treatment facility to remove arsenic in its water supply. Photo by Larry Valenzuela, CalMatters/CatchLight Local

The State Water Resources Control Board is poised to penalize Kings County groundwater agencies for failing to manage overpumping in the region’s water supply — a move that would set a new precedent.

As CalMatters water reporter Rachel Becker explains, the board on Tuesday is expected to decide whether to put county agencies on probation for unsuccessfully restricting farmers’ overdrafting of the water supply from the Tulare Lake underground basin. If the board decides to crack down, it will be the first time the state imposes penalties under a landmark 2014 law that requires agencies to achieve groundwater sustainability by 2040.

The board’s decision could also signal how the state will approach five other overpumped San Joaquin Valley basins that may face probation as well.

Overpumping in Kings County has caused household and community water wells to dry up and land to sink, which endangers canals, aqueducts and flood-controlling levees. And because wells must reach deeper into the ground to extract water, contaminants such as arsenic are released and cause water contamination levels to rise.

Putting Kings County agencies on probation could mean imposing state fees totaling as much as $10 million a year, according to a CalMatters analysis. It could also lead to state regulators eventually managing the region’s groundwater.

This has small farmers in the region concerned that they’ll be forced out of business due to the state’s steep fees. The basin provides drinking and irrigation water for 146,000 residents and supports a multibillion-dollar agricultural industry.

For more on this issue, read Rachel’s story.

California’s water crisis, explained: CalMatters has a detailed look at how California might increase its water supply, and a dashboard tracking the state’s water situation.


CalMatters Commentary

Ideas festival: CalMatters is hosting its first one, in Sacramento on June 5-6. It will include a discussion on broadband access and a session with Zócalo Public Square on California’s next big idea. Featured speakers include Julián Castro, CEO of the Latino Community Foundation, and Barbara McQuade, a former U.S. attorney and MSNBC legal analyst. Find out more from our engagement team and buy tickets here.


Other things worth your time:

Some stories may require a subscription to read.


CA granted federal disaster relief for historic February storms // Los Angeles Times 

Ballot measure for America’s highest wage could be victim of past wins // Politico

Prop. 22 gains liberal support as case heads to state high court // San Francisco Chronicle

PG&E customers were billed for a TV promo campaign // The Sacramento Bee

Google blocks some CA news as fight over online journalism bill escalates // Politico

Bill to mandate ‘science of reading’ in CA classrooms dies // EdSource

CA abortions increased after Roe vs. Wade was overturned // Los Angeles Times

The first high-speed rail trains are closer to coming to CA // San Francisco Chronicle

Environmental concerns raised by rocket flights // The San Diego Union-Tribune

SF jails lock down after alleged assaults on staff // Los Angeles Times

SF background check startup Checkr cutting 260 jobs // San Francisco Examiner

SF $2B Central Subway has lots of leaks, few riders // The San Francisco Standard

Kern County activist faces 18 felony counts over alleged threats // Los Angeles Times

Former Windsor mayor’s accusers speak out on no charges // San Francisco Chronicle

Read the full story here.
Photos courtesy of

Air Quality, Not Just Fitness Level, Impacts Marathoners' Finish Times

By Dennis Thompson HealthDay ReporterTHURSDAY, Dec. 26, 2024 (HealthDay News) -- Runners put a lot of thought into how much they must eat and drink...

By Dennis Thompson HealthDay ReporterTHURSDAY, Dec. 26, 2024 (HealthDay News) -- Runners put a lot of thought into how much they must eat and drink to endure a 26.2-mile marathon, properly fueling their bodies to sustain a record-setting pace.But the quality of the air they huff and puff during endurance events could also play a key role in their performance, a new study says.Higher levels of air pollution are associated with slower average marathon finish times, according to findings published recently in the journal Sports Medicine.“Runners at that level are thinking about their gear, their nutrition, their training, the course, even the weather,” lead researcher Elvira Fleury, a doctoral student at Harvard University, said in a news release. “Our results show that those interested in optimizing athletic performance should consider the effect of air pollution, as well.”Runners’ average finish times on a marathon steadily decreased for every increase in particle pollution of one microgram per cubic meter of air, results show.Men finished 32 seconds slower on average for every increased unit of air pollution, and women finished 25 seconds slower, researchers found.These effects also appeared to be more pronounced in faster-than-average runners, researchers said.“This means that air pollution can be a health risk not just for those who are elderly or susceptible — it can negatively affect even the most healthy and well-trained among us,” senior researcher Joseph Braun, a professor of epidemiology at Brown University, said in a news release from the college.For the study, researchers analyzed data from U.S. public marathons conducted between 2003 and 2019, involving more than 1.5 million male runners and more than 1 million female runners.The research team compared the runners’ finishing times with air quality data captured on event days, including the amount of particle pollution in the air along different points of the marathon route.“This really sophisticated spatial-temporal model of particulate matter allowed us to plot pollution at every mile of every course,” Fleury said. “Without a model like this, it wouldn't have been possible to look at so many different marathons in different states across different years.”Researchers specifically looked at levels of fine particle pollution, which are airborne particles smaller than the width of a human hair or grain of fine beach sand, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.These airborne particles are typically generated by fossil fuels burned by cars and power plants, although in recent years, wildfires have contributed to such pollution.Previous studies have shown that particle air pollution is associated with overall risk of death, as well as risk of heart disease, breathing problems and lung cancer, researchers said.Air pollution could be harming marathon runners’ performance by causing increases in blood pressure, constricted blood vessels, impaired lung function, and perhaps even short-term changes in brain function, researchers speculated.“People who can complete a marathon are generally quite healthy, and we can assume they have honed their cardiorespiratory fitness,” Braun said.“This study revealed a negative impact from air pollution, even at levels below current health-based standards, on these very healthy people,” Braun continued.These findings support efforts to reduce pollution emissions by shifting motor vehicles and power plants away from fossil fuels, researchers concluded.SOURCE: Sports Medicine, journal study, Dec. 18; Brown University, news release, Dec. 18, 2024Copyright © 2024 HealthDay. All rights reserved.

Forty Years After the Bhopal Disaster, the Danger Still Remains

In many ways, we all live in Bhopal now. We must continue to fight for a future in which we all have the right to live in healthy environments.

Forty years ago this month, a Union Carbide pesticide factory in Bhopal, India, sprung a toxic gas leak, exposing half a million people to toxic fumes. Thousands of people lost their lives in the immediate aftermath, with the death toll climbing to more than 20,000 over the next two decades. Countless others, including children of survivors, continue to endure chronic health issues. In the United States, the events in Bhopal ignited a grassroots movement to expose and address the toxic chemicals in our water, air, and neighborhoods. In 1986, just two years after the disaster, this growing awareness led Congress to pass the first National Right to Know Act, which requires companies to publicly disclose their use of many toxic chemicals. In India, Bhopal victims have had a long struggle for justice. In 1989, survivors flew to a Union Carbide shareholders meeting in Houston to protest the inadequate compensation for the trauma they’d suffered. The settlement awarded each Bhopal victim was a mere $500—which a spokesperson for Dow Chemical, Union Carbide’s parent company, called “plenty good for an Indian.”  Union Carbide had the survivors arrested before they could enter the meeting. Meanwhile, their abandoned chemical factory was still leaking toxic chemicals into the surrounding neighborhoods and drinking water.  Nevertheless, Bhopal survivors never stopped fighting. They opened a free clinic to treat the intergenerational health effects caused by the disaster. They marched 500 miles between Bhopal and New Delhi. They staged hunger strikes. They created memorials to the disaster and established a museum to ensure that the horrors of their collective past are not forgotten.    The survivors even obtained an extradition order for Union Carbide’s former CEO, Warren Anderson, but the U.S. government never acted on that request. Forty years later, the factory in Bhopal has never been properly cleaned and is still leaking poison.  Unfortunately, the kinds of chemicals that flow through the veins of Bhopal survivors also flow through ours. The petrochemical industry has brought us together in a perverse solidarity, having chemically trespassed into places all over the world. According to one figure, Americans are exposed to dangerous chemical fires, leaks, and explosions about once every two days. In one dramatic example in early 2023, a rail tanker filled with vinyl chloride derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, forcing the evacuation of 2,000 residents.  Nearly all Americans now carry toxic substances known as PFAS in our bodies. These have been linked to cancer, liver and kidney disease, and immune dysfunction. And the continued burning of fossil fuels is killing millions of people each year around the world through air pollution.  Petrochemical and fossil fuel companies know they can only survive if they avoid liability for the damage they are doing to our health and the planet’s ecosystems. That’s why they are heavily invested in lobbying to prevent any such accountability. Polluting industries are certain to have strong allies in the coming Trump Administration, which plans to open even more land to fossil fuel production and, under the blueprint for conservative governance known as Project 2025, to slash environmental and public health regulations. But we can take inspiration from the people of Bhopal, whose fierce commitment to health and justice sparked a global movement. Earlier this month, on the fortieth anniversary of the Bhopal disaster, congressional allies of this movement including U.S. Senator Jeff Merkley, Democrat of Oregon, and U.S. Representatives Pramila Jayapal, Democrat of Washington, and Rashida Tlaib, Democrat of Michigan, introduced a resolution designating December 3 as National Chemical Disaster Awareness Day. “Chemical disasters are often the result of corporations cutting corners and prioritizing profits over safety,” said Merkley, who chairs the U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works subcommittee. “These catastrophes cloud communities with toxic fumes, upending lives and threatening the health and property of those living and working close by.” He called for “stronger laws to prevent chemical disasters and keep our communities and workers safe.” This growing global alliance, which has been called the largest movement for environmental health and justice in history, is fighting for a future in which everyone has the right to live in a healthy environment. It’s a movement that unites us all. Because in many ways, we all live in Bhopal now. This column was produced for Progressive Perspectives, a project of The Progressive magazine, and distributed by Tribune News Service. Gary Cohen is the president of Health Care Without Harm and a long time member of the International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal. Read more by Gary Cohen December 18, 2024 3:25 PM

Study Miscalculation Has Everyone Talking about Black Plastic Spatulas Again. Experts Are Still Concerned

The scientists behind a popular study on the health effects of flame retardants in black plastic cooking utensils and toys made a calculation error but still say their revised findings are alarming

Should you throw out your black plastic spatula? A recent study that reported alarming levels of several flame retardants in common black-colored plastic items (including cooking utensils, toys and hair products) had many people suddenly taking stock of their inky array of plastic kitchenware and considering wood or metal alternatives. And the reasons for the concern were understandable: the study’s findings, published in Chemosphere, highlighted potential health effects from exposure to the flame retardants, particularly decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE)—a chemical the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency banned in 2021 for its apparent links to cancer and reproductive, developmental and immunologic toxicity effects.But this week the study’s authors issued a correction that suggests exposure to decaBDE from the tested products isn’t as close to the EPA’s safety reference level as they initially thought. The decaBDE exposure they estimated from the screened products is still correct, but it’s one tenth of the reference dose. The study had miscalculated the comparison by an order of magnitude.The amount of flame retardants in such products is “not as harmful, with respect to the EPA guidance, as [the researchers] originally stated, although, with these chemicals, they may be harmful when you’re exposed to small amounts over a long period of time,” says Andrew Turner, a biogeochemist at the University of Plymouth in England, who wasn’t involved in the research and studies the disposal and recycling of plastic consumer goods. “It’s difficult to put numbers on these chemicals.”On supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.The study authors issued an apology for the mistake in which they maintained that the “calculation error does not affect the overall conclusion of the paper.”“Our results still show that when toxic additives are used in plastic, they can significantly contaminate products made with recycled content that do not require flame retardancy,” says Megan Liu, a co-author of the recent study and science and policy manager at Toxic-Free Future, an environmental health research and advocacy group. “The products found in this study to contain hazardous flame retardants included items with high exposure potential, such as things that touch our food, as well as toys, which come in contact with kids.”Why might some black plastics contain flame retardants? Flame retardants are required in certain products (often including computers, TVs and other common electronic items) to meet fire safety regulations. To reduce the amount of e-waste and fossil fuels needed to make new plastics, some of these items are recycled into black plastics. But the problem is that “you could also recycle the flame retardants and other chemicals that are associated with that plastic,” says Stuart Harrad, an environmental chemist at the University of Birmingham in England, who wasn’t involved in the paper. “Now that’s fine to some degree, I suppose, if you’re only recycling the plastic into uses like TV sets, where you need to meet fire safety regulations. But the point is here is that that isn’t happening.”The new study’s main goal was to identify any flame retardant chemicals in various common products. The researchers screened 203 items, ranging from plastic sushi take-out trays to toy necklaces—and found 17 of them were contaminated with high levels of flame retardants. Fourteen of those products contained high levels of decaBDE.The U.S. has largely banned decaBDE and other polybrominated-diphenyl-ether-based flame retardants. New electronic goods use safer flame retardants, but older electronics that contain decaBDE could still be in many households or might have been only recently tossed out for recycling, Turner says. “When you talk about some electronic devices, they last quite a long time,” he adds. These older devices might only be reaching recycling plants now.The new study’s findings generally line up with past evidence that recycled plastics—and flame retardants—can end up in toys and cooking utensils, Harrad says. But it’s been unclear whether the mere presence of flame retardants in a cooking utensil pose any health threat to humans; there are many contributing factors, including the source, the dose, the duration of exposure and any other chemicals that may be present. In a 2018 study Harrad and his colleagues tested potential exposure from black plastic cooking utensils and found that uptake through the skin from simply holding them was negligible. But when they tested them in prolonged cooking experiments with hot oil, about 20 percent of the flame retardants in a utensil transferred into the oil on average. “That’s really because the oil, particularly hot oil, is going to be a pretty good way of extracting these chemicals,” Harrad says.How did the miscalculation occur?The authors of the new study estimated humans’ potential exposure to decaBDE from the plastic products by using the calculation in Harrad’s 2018 study. They applied this calculation to the median levels of decaBDE detected in the products they tested. This wound up being an estimated 34,700 nanograms per day of decaBDE. They then compared that figure with the EPA’s reference dose of 7,000 nanograms per kilogram of body weight per day. (Some researchers note that this measurement was derived from lab tests and animal models, not direct human testing). To better assess human risk, the scientists calculated a reference dose based on a 60-kg (132-pound) person and initially found 42,000 ng per day, a value alarmingly close to the 34,700 ng per day of exposure they estimated from the new data. But 7,000 multiplied by 60 is actually 420,000. This may have been a simple math error, but the correction massively reduces how close the amount of exposure is to the maximum acceptable limit.The figure with the miscalculation was “contextualizing the levels that we saw in our study, thinking that it could be helpful for people,” Liu says. “This was really just one part of our study that isn’t even part of our key findings.”She and her co-authors have emphasized that the error shouldn’t detract from one of the study’s main conclusions: that none of these flame-retardant chemicals, especially those that have been banned, should be found, in any amount, in these products in the first place.“They're probably banging their head in frustration when they found out they made that calculation error,” Harrad says, adding that the rest of their findings “were perfectly plausible.”“The study does highlight the fact that we’ve not sorted this out yet—that we’re still finding these chemicals coming through into new goods that contain recycled plastics,” Harrad says. “We do need to step up our efforts to isolate these chemicals from waste and make sure that they don't get recycled.”So should you really ditch your black plastic spatula? Harrad says you should avoid leaving it in a hot pan or pot for long periods of time. Some experts don’t recommend reheating food in black plastic containers, although studies haven’t confirmed if this causes chemicals to leach into food. Importantly, “if you see that your black utensil is damaged in any way, just [get rid of it] and go for something else,” Turner says—pieces of the plastic could potentially break off into food.When looking for new cooking ware, Turner says that it’d be more sustainable, and potentially safer, to reduce the use of black plastic items and opt for a material or color that’s more easily recyclable. Liu says wood, stainless steel or silicone products are some safer alternatives. She adds, however, that people can’t “shop” their way out of a larger societal issue. “We can’t expect that everyone can immediately switch over to safer alternatives,” Liu says. “That’s ultimately why we’ve been calling on greater regulatory action at both the corporate and government level to regulate and restrict these harmful chemicals.”

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