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Could a CA bill on tortillas improve maternal health?

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Monday, April 15, 2024

A premature baby in incubator. Photo via iStock California is struggling to provide maternal health for its residents. But as one proposal aims to prevent birth defects, another has received hateful pushback that’s been condemned by both political parties. As CalMatters health reporter Ana B. Ibarra writes, Assemblymember Joaquin Arambula has introduced a bill that would require corn masa flour makers to add 0.7 milligrams of folic acid per pound of flour. Though federal law requires other grain products, such as cereals, breads and pasta, be fortified with folic acid, corn masa flour is not included. The corn flour is a key ingredient used in many classic Latino foods. Arambula, a Fresno Democrat and physician, to CalMatters: “Food is the best way that we can get folic acid into our communities before they’re pregnant. Oftentimes the prenatal vitamins that we give to pregnant people are too late.”  Research has shown that folic acid, which can be found in prenatal and women’s multi-vitamins, promotes healthy cell growth, and can prevent birth defects when taken before and during the early weeks of pregnancy. Since 1998, when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration handed down the requirement, the proportion of babies born with neural tube defects dropped by 35%. But between 2017 and 2019, only about 28% of Latinas reported taking folic acid the month before becoming pregnant, compared to 46% of white women. Women on Medi-Cal, the state’s health insurance program for low-income families, are also less likely to take folic acid before pregnancy compared to women on private insurance.  To learn more about the proposal, read Ana’s story. Another bill related to maternal health, Assembly Bill 2319, was the subject of a racist letter sent to members of the Health Committee, according to lawmakers. The measure would require healthcare providers to undergo training for implicit bias, and for the training to include “recognition of intersecting identities.”  The bill’s co-author, Assemblymember Lori Wilson, said the letter was “vile and hateful.” Assembly Republicans also said the letter had no place in legislative debate: “While we may not always agree on policy, we are united to strongly condemn racism and the evil ideology behind this letter.” Wilson, a Suisun City Democrat who is chairperson of the Legislative Black Caucus, vowed to carry on with the measure. The proposals by Arumbula and Wilson follow state data showing that in 2020 California saw a ten-year high of pregnancy-related deaths. Black expectant mothers are particularly vulnerable: They are three times more likely to die of pregnancy-related complications than others. It’s a point raised by former state Senate leader Toni Atkins in a social media post last week. Meanwhile, maternity wards across the state are closing, creating “maternity care deserts,” and California midwives treating Medi-Cal patients struggle to keep their businesses afloat. A February report from the state auditor also found that state health departments failed to track the effectiveness of a perinatal care program for Medi-Cal patients. Digital Democracy: CalMatters has launched Digital Democracy, a project using the latest technologies to help Californians understand their state government and create more accountability for politicians. The website introduces each of the state’s 120 legislators and explains this year’s policy agenda. In our unprecedented database, you can instantly find any word uttered in a public hearing, every vote cast, every bill introduced and every dollar donated. For more details, see our about and methodology pages and read more from our engagement team. Other Stories You Should Know Builders can challenge impact fees New housing construction in a neighbourhood in Elk Grove on July 8, 2022. Photo by Rahul Lal, CalMatters From CalMatters housing reporter Ben Christopher:It’s about to get more difficult for local governments to slap construction projects with certain fees — and a bit easier for developers to sue governments when they do.  That’s thanks to a unanimous ruling the U.S. Supreme Court handed down Friday. As many court watchers expected, the justices sided with George Sheetz, a septuagenarian retiree who sued El Dorado County over a $23,420 building fee. Sheetz’s lawyers argued that the county should have had to prove that this five-digit fee matched the cost that his manufactured home actually would inflict on local roads and highways. That requirement was established in a four-decade-old court ruling also out of California. El Dorado County, with the backing of both the Gov. Gavin Newsom and President Joe Biden administrations, countered that such a high bar is only required of one-off fees levied by regulators, not fees scheduled for all developments and established by elected bodies, like the county board of supervisors. In its 9-0 ruling, the Supreme Court said that “there is no basis for affording property rights less protection in the hands of legislators than administrators.” A few possible consequences of the ruling: Cities and counties now have to show that impact fees are connected to and “roughly proportionate” to the fiscal impact of a given development. That could have the unintended consequence of slowing down permitting.  Developers may now have a powerful new legal tool to challenge fees that they think are too high. And they are high here. As of 2015, the average impact fee on a single family home in California was more than four times the national average. But it’s too soon to say exactly how all of this will shake out. That’s because the court stopped short of saying exactly how far governments have to go to justify their fees — or whether El Dorado County already cleared that hurdle in this case. Those questions were left to lower courts. State cracks down on water Armona’s new $9 million well and treatment facility to remove arsenic in its water supply. Photo by Larry Valenzuela, CalMatters/CatchLight Local The State Water Resources Control Board is poised to penalize Kings County groundwater agencies for failing to manage overpumping in the region’s water supply — a move that would set a new precedent. As CalMatters water reporter Rachel Becker explains, the board on Tuesday is expected to decide whether to put county agencies on probation for unsuccessfully restricting farmers’ overdrafting of the water supply from the Tulare Lake underground basin. If the board decides to crack down, it will be the first time the state imposes penalties under a landmark 2014 law that requires agencies to achieve groundwater sustainability by 2040.The board’s decision could also signal how the state will approach five other overpumped San Joaquin Valley basins that may face probation as well. Overpumping in Kings County has caused household and community water wells to dry up and land to sink, which endangers canals, aqueducts and flood-controlling levees. And because wells must reach deeper into the ground to extract water, contaminants such as arsenic are released and cause water contamination levels to rise. Putting Kings County agencies on probation could mean imposing state fees totaling as much as $10 million a year, according to a CalMatters analysis. It could also lead to state regulators eventually managing the region’s groundwater. This has small farmers in the region concerned that they’ll be forced out of business due to the state’s steep fees. The basin provides drinking and irrigation water for 146,000 residents and supports a multibillion-dollar agricultural industry. For more on this issue, read Rachel’s story. California’s water crisis, explained: CalMatters has a detailed look at how California might increase its water supply, and a dashboard tracking the state’s water situation. CalMatters Commentary Ideas festival: CalMatters is hosting its first one, in Sacramento on June 5-6. It will include a discussion on broadband access and a session with Zócalo Public Square on California’s next big idea. Featured speakers include Julián Castro, CEO of the Latino Community Foundation, and Barbara McQuade, a former U.S. attorney and MSNBC legal analyst. Find out more from our engagement team and buy tickets here. Other things worth your time: Some stories may require a subscription to read. CA granted federal disaster relief for historic February storms // Los Angeles Times  Ballot measure for America’s highest wage could be victim of past wins // Politico Prop. 22 gains liberal support as case heads to state high court // San Francisco Chronicle PG&E customers were billed for a TV promo campaign // The Sacramento Bee Google blocks some CA news as fight over online journalism bill escalates // Politico Bill to mandate ‘science of reading’ in CA classrooms dies // EdSource CA abortions increased after Roe vs. Wade was overturned // Los Angeles Times The first high-speed rail trains are closer to coming to CA // San Francisco Chronicle Environmental concerns raised by rocket flights // The San Diego Union-Tribune SF jails lock down after alleged assaults on staff // Los Angeles Times SF background check startup Checkr cutting 260 jobs // San Francisco Examiner SF $2B Central Subway has lots of leaks, few riders // The San Francisco Standard Kern County activist faces 18 felony counts over alleged threats // Los Angeles Times Former Windsor mayor’s accusers speak out on no charges // San Francisco Chronicle

California is struggling to provide maternal health for its residents. But as one proposal aims to prevent birth defects, another has received hateful pushback that’s been condemned by both political parties. As CalMatters health reporter Ana B. Ibarra writes, Assemblymember Joaquin Arambula has introduced a bill that would require corn masa flour makers to add […]

A premature baby in incubator. Photo via iStock
A premature baby in incubator. Photo via iStock
A premature baby in incubator. Photo via iStock

California is struggling to provide maternal health for its residents. But as one proposal aims to prevent birth defects, another has received hateful pushback that’s been condemned by both political parties.

As CalMatters health reporter Ana B. Ibarra writes, Assemblymember Joaquin Arambula has introduced a bill that would require corn masa flour makers to add 0.7 milligrams of folic acid per pound of flour. Though federal law requires other grain products, such as cereals, breads and pasta, be fortified with folic acid, corn masa flour is not included. The corn flour is a key ingredient used in many classic Latino foods.

  • Arambula, a Fresno Democrat and physician, to CalMatters: “Food is the best way that we can get folic acid into our communities before they’re pregnant. Oftentimes the prenatal vitamins that we give to pregnant people are too late.” 

Research has shown that folic acid, which can be found in prenatal and women’s multi-vitamins, promotes healthy cell growth, and can prevent birth defects when taken before and during the early weeks of pregnancy. Since 1998, when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration handed down the requirement, the proportion of babies born with neural tube defects dropped by 35%.

But between 2017 and 2019, only about 28% of Latinas reported taking folic acid the month before becoming pregnant, compared to 46% of white women. Women on Medi-Cal, the state’s health insurance program for low-income families, are also less likely to take folic acid before pregnancy compared to women on private insurance. 

To learn more about the proposal, read Ana’s story.

Another bill related to maternal health, Assembly Bill 2319, was the subject of a racist letter sent to members of the Health Committee, according to lawmakers.

The measure would require healthcare providers to undergo training for implicit bias, and for the training to include “recognition of intersecting identities.” 

The bill’s co-author, Assemblymember Lori Wilson, said the letter was “vile and hateful.”

Assembly Republicans also said the letter had no place in legislative debate: “While we may not always agree on policy, we are united to strongly condemn racism and the evil ideology behind this letter.”

Wilson, a Suisun City Democrat who is chairperson of the Legislative Black Caucus, vowed to carry on with the measure.

The proposals by Arumbula and Wilson follow state data showing that in 2020 California saw a ten-year high of pregnancy-related deaths. Black expectant mothers are particularly vulnerable: They are three times more likely to die of pregnancy-related complications than others. It’s a point raised by former state Senate leader Toni Atkins in a social media post last week.

Meanwhile, maternity wards across the state are closing, creating “maternity care deserts,” and California midwives treating Medi-Cal patients struggle to keep their businesses afloat. A February report from the state auditor also found that state health departments failed to track the effectiveness of a perinatal care program for Medi-Cal patients.


Digital Democracy: CalMatters has launched Digital Democracy, a project using the latest technologies to help Californians understand their state government and create more accountability for politicians. The website introduces each of the state’s 120 legislators and explains this year’s policy agenda. In our unprecedented database, you can instantly find any word uttered in a public hearing, every vote cast, every bill introduced and every dollar donated. For more details, see our about and methodology pages and read more from our engagement team.


Other Stories You Should Know


Builders can challenge impact fees

New housing construction in a neighbourhood in Elk Grove on July 8, 2022. Photo by Rahul Lal, CalMatters

From CalMatters housing reporter Ben Christopher:

It’s about to get more difficult for local governments to slap construction projects with certain fees — and a bit easier for developers to sue governments when they do. 

That’s thanks to a unanimous ruling the U.S. Supreme Court handed down Friday.

As many court watchers expected, the justices sided with George Sheetz, a septuagenarian retiree who sued El Dorado County over a $23,420 building fee.

Sheetz’s lawyers argued that the county should have had to prove that this five-digit fee matched the cost that his manufactured home actually would inflict on local roads and highways. That requirement was established in a four-decade-old court ruling also out of California.

El Dorado County, with the backing of both the Gov. Gavin Newsom and President Joe Biden administrations, countered that such a high bar is only required of one-off fees levied by regulators, not fees scheduled for all developments and established by elected bodies, like the county board of supervisors.

In its 9-0 ruling, the Supreme Court said that “there is no basis for affording property rights less protection in the hands of legislators than administrators.”

A few possible consequences of the ruling:

  • Cities and counties now have to show that impact fees are connected to and “roughly proportionate” to the fiscal impact of a given development. That could have the unintended consequence of slowing down permitting. 
  • Developers may now have a powerful new legal tool to challenge fees that they think are too high.

And they are high here. As of 2015, the average impact fee on a single family home in California was more than four times the national average.

But it’s too soon to say exactly how all of this will shake out. That’s because the court stopped short of saying exactly how far governments have to go to justify their fees — or whether El Dorado County already cleared that hurdle in this case. Those questions were left to lower courts.

State cracks down on water

The water treatment facility in Armona on April 4, 2024. Armona, a small unincorporated community home to farmworkers in Kings County, had substantial arsenic contamination until a new $9 million well was installed more than 1,200 feet deep. Photo by Larry Valenzuela, CalMatters/CatchLight Local
Armona’s new $9 million well and treatment facility to remove arsenic in its water supply. Photo by Larry Valenzuela, CalMatters/CatchLight Local

The State Water Resources Control Board is poised to penalize Kings County groundwater agencies for failing to manage overpumping in the region’s water supply — a move that would set a new precedent.

As CalMatters water reporter Rachel Becker explains, the board on Tuesday is expected to decide whether to put county agencies on probation for unsuccessfully restricting farmers’ overdrafting of the water supply from the Tulare Lake underground basin. If the board decides to crack down, it will be the first time the state imposes penalties under a landmark 2014 law that requires agencies to achieve groundwater sustainability by 2040.

The board’s decision could also signal how the state will approach five other overpumped San Joaquin Valley basins that may face probation as well.

Overpumping in Kings County has caused household and community water wells to dry up and land to sink, which endangers canals, aqueducts and flood-controlling levees. And because wells must reach deeper into the ground to extract water, contaminants such as arsenic are released and cause water contamination levels to rise.

Putting Kings County agencies on probation could mean imposing state fees totaling as much as $10 million a year, according to a CalMatters analysis. It could also lead to state regulators eventually managing the region’s groundwater.

This has small farmers in the region concerned that they’ll be forced out of business due to the state’s steep fees. The basin provides drinking and irrigation water for 146,000 residents and supports a multibillion-dollar agricultural industry.

For more on this issue, read Rachel’s story.

California’s water crisis, explained: CalMatters has a detailed look at how California might increase its water supply, and a dashboard tracking the state’s water situation.


CalMatters Commentary

Ideas festival: CalMatters is hosting its first one, in Sacramento on June 5-6. It will include a discussion on broadband access and a session with Zócalo Public Square on California’s next big idea. Featured speakers include Julián Castro, CEO of the Latino Community Foundation, and Barbara McQuade, a former U.S. attorney and MSNBC legal analyst. Find out more from our engagement team and buy tickets here.


Other things worth your time:

Some stories may require a subscription to read.


CA granted federal disaster relief for historic February storms // Los Angeles Times 

Ballot measure for America’s highest wage could be victim of past wins // Politico

Prop. 22 gains liberal support as case heads to state high court // San Francisco Chronicle

PG&E customers were billed for a TV promo campaign // The Sacramento Bee

Google blocks some CA news as fight over online journalism bill escalates // Politico

Bill to mandate ‘science of reading’ in CA classrooms dies // EdSource

CA abortions increased after Roe vs. Wade was overturned // Los Angeles Times

The first high-speed rail trains are closer to coming to CA // San Francisco Chronicle

Environmental concerns raised by rocket flights // The San Diego Union-Tribune

SF jails lock down after alleged assaults on staff // Los Angeles Times

SF background check startup Checkr cutting 260 jobs // San Francisco Examiner

SF $2B Central Subway has lots of leaks, few riders // The San Francisco Standard

Kern County activist faces 18 felony counts over alleged threats // Los Angeles Times

Former Windsor mayor’s accusers speak out on no charges // San Francisco Chronicle

Read the full story here.
Photos courtesy of

Why the health risks from air pollution could be worse than we thought

A new study found elevated and previously overlooked health risks for communities living near industrial polluters.

Many people who live near heavy industry are routinely exposed to dozens of different pollutants, which can result in a multitude of health problems.Traditionally, environmental regulators have assessed the risks of chemical exposure on an individual basis. But that approach has led to underestimates of the total health risks faced by vulnerable populations, according to a new study.Now researchers at Johns Hopkins University have developed a new method for measuring the cumulative effects on human health of multiple toxic air pollutants. Their findings were published last week in Environmental Health Perspectives.Regulators typically measure community risk by looking at the primary health effects of individual chemicals, an approach that often fails to address their combined risks, said Keeve Nachman, the study’s senior author.Residents in disadvantaged communities are exposed to a toxic stew of chemicals daily, and they “don’t just breathe one at a time, [they] breathe all the chemicals in the air at once,” said Peter DeCarlo, another of the study’s authors.Follow Climate & environment“Very little has happened to protect these people. And one of the major reasons for that is that current approaches have not done a good job showing they’re in harm’s way,” Nachman said.“When we regulate chemicals, we pretend that we’re only exposed to one chemical at a time,” Nachman continued. “If we have each chemical and we only think about the most sensitive effect, but we ignore the fact that it could potentially cause all these other effects to different parts of the body, we are missing protecting people from the collective mixture of chemicals that act together.”Nachman, DeCarlo and their colleagues set out to more accurately account for the total burden of breathing multiple toxic air pollutants.The study assessed the risks faced by communities in southeastern Pennsylvania living near petrochemical facilities using a mobile laboratory to measure 32 hazardous air pollutants, including vinyl chloride, formaldehyde and benzene. The researchers developed real-time profiles of the pollution concentrations in the air and translated them into estimates of what people are actually breathing.Using these estimates and a database of the chemicals’ toxic effects on various organs, the researchers created projections of the long-term cumulative health impacts of the pollution.By looking past the immediate health effects of chemicals and measuring what happens as concentrations increase, negative health outcomes can be detected in other parts of the body, Nachman said.For example, while EPA risk assessments consider only the respiratory effects of formaldehyde, the study found potential health impacts in 10 other organ systems, including neurological, developmental and reproductive harms.The cumulative risk study appears at a fraught moment for environmental regulation. Although the Biden administration in November released a draft framework for monitoring the cumulative impact of chemical exposure, the Trump administration has announced plans to roll back dozens of Biden administration environmental rules and is considering shutting down the EPA’s Office of Research and Development.A spokesperson for the American Chemistry Council, an industry trade group, said in an email that the Johns Hopkins research “may provide some useful information” but that “further assessment, replication and validation will be needed” of the methods and substances assessed in the study.“ACC continues to support the development of scientifically robust data, methods and approaches to underpin cumulative risk assessments,” the spokesperson added.The EPA did not provide an immediate comment while it reviewed the study.Jen Duggan, the executive director of the Environmental Integrity Project, said communities often face higher health impacts than the EPA estimates due to their exposure to dangerous chemicals from multiple sources.“The authors of this paper powerfully demonstrate how EPA has repeatedly underestimated the true health risks for people living in the shadow of industrial polluters,” Duggan said.

Utah Bans Fluoride In Public Drinking Water

Republican Gov. Spencer Cox signed the legislation despite widespread opposition from dentists and national health organizations.

SALT LAKE CITY (AP) — Utah has become the first state to ban fluoride in public drinking water, despite widespread opposition from dentists and national health organizations.Republican Gov. Spencer Cox signed legislation late Thursday that bars cities and communities from deciding whether to add the mineral to their water systems.Fluoride strengthens teeth and reduces cavities by replacing minerals lost during normal wear and tear, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Utah lawmakers who pushed for a ban said putting fluoride in water was too expensive. Cox, who grew up and raised his own children in a community without fluoridated water, compared it recently to being “medicated” by the government.The ban comes weeks after U.S. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who has expressed skepticism about water fluoridation, was sworn into office.More than 200 million people in the U.S., or almost two-thirds of the population, receive fluoridated water through community water. The addition of low levels of fluoride to drinking water has long been considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the last century.But some cities across the country have gotten rid of fluoride from their water, and other municipalities are considering doing the same. A few months ago, a federal judge ordered the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to regulate fluoride in drinking water because high levels could pose a risk to the intellectual development of children.We Don't Work For Billionaires. We Work For You.Big money interests are running the government — and influencing the news you read. While other outlets are retreating behind paywalls and bending the knee to political pressure, HuffPost is proud to be unbought and unfiltered. Will you help us keep it that way? You can even access our stories ad-free.You've supported HuffPost before, and we'll be honest — we could use your help again. We won't back down from our mission of providing free, fair news during this critical moment. But we can't do it without you.For the first time, we're offering an ad-free experience to qualifying contributors who support our fearless journalism. We hope you'll join us.You've supported HuffPost before, and we'll be honest — we could use your help again. We won't back down from our mission of providing free, fair news during this critical moment. But we can't do it without you.For the first time, we're offering an ad-free experience to qualifying contributors who support our fearless journalism. We hope you'll join us.Support HuffPostAlready contributed? Log in to hide these messages.The president of the American Dental Association, Brett Kessler, has said the amounts of fluoride added to drinking water are below levels considered problematic.Opponents warn the ban will disproportionately affect low-income residents who may rely on public drinking water having fluoride as their only source of preventative dental care. Low-income families may not be able to afford regular dentist visits or the fluoride tablets some people buy as a supplement in cities without fluoridation.The sponsor of the Utah legislation, Republican Rep. Stephanie Gricius, acknowledged fluoride has benefits, but said it was an issue of “individual choice” to not have it in the water.

Dozens of House Democrats push back on planned EPA research and development cuts

Dozens of House Democrats pushed back on planned Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cuts in a Thursday letter to the agency. “We are particularly concerned by the proposal to eliminate up to 75 percent of employees within EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD),” the letter, from Rep. Greg Landsman (D-Ohio) and addressed to EPA Administrator...

Dozens of House Democrats pushed back on planned Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cuts in a Thursday letter to the agency. “We are particularly concerned by the proposal to eliminate up to 75 percent of employees within EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD),” the letter, from Rep. Greg Landsman (D-Ohio) and addressed to EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin, reads. “Firing nearly 1,200 dedicated ORD public servants across the country would decimate the scientific backbone of EPA which provides independent, objective, and unparallelled research that informs Agency assessments and decision-making,” they added. The letter featured the signatures of over 60 House Democrats including Reps. Nikema Williams (Ga.), Ro Khanna (Calif.), Summer Lee (Pa.), Don Beyer (Va.), Joe Neguse (Colo.), Jamie Raskin (Md.), Pramila Jayapal (Wash.) and Rashida Tlaib (Mich.). The Hill reported last week that the EPA was considering the cutting of its science arm and dropping most of the employees of the branch, per documents reviewed by Democratic staff for the House Science, Space and Technology Committee. The termination of the Office of Research and Development as an EPA National Program Office is called for in a plan reviewed by committee staffers. Fifty percent to 70 percent of the 1,540 staffers in the office would be cut under the plan. “While no decisions have been made yet, we are actively listening to employees at all levels to gather ideas on how to better fulfill agency statutory obligations, increase efficiency, and ensure the EPA is as up-to-date and effective as ever,” EPA spokesperson Molly Vaseliou said in a previous statement. In his letter, Landsman said dropping “the majority of ORD employees would be particularly harmful to EPA’s work to address industrial pollution, contaminated air and drinking water, environmental health, and worsening natural disasters.” The Ohio Democrat also questioned the EPA about the reasoning behind the staff cuts in the plan and the way the agency is prepping “to mitigate the loss of scientific expertise, institutional knowledge, and subject matter capacity resulting from this proposed action.” The Hill has reached out to the EPA for comment.

When a 1-in-100 year flood washed through the Coorong, it made the vital microbiome of this lagoon healthier

The 2022 floods triggered shifts in the Coorong’s microbiome—similar to our gut bacteria on new diets—revealing why freshwater flows are vital to wetland health.

Darcy Whittaker, CC BYYou might know South Australia’s iconic Coorong from the famous Australian children’s book, Storm Boy, set around this coastal lagoon. This internationally important wetland is sacred to the Ngarrindjeri people and a haven for migratory birds. The lagoon is the final stop for the Murray River’s waters before they reach the sea. Tens of thousands of migratory waterbirds visit annually. Pelicans, plovers, terns and ibises nest, while orange-bellied parrots visit and Murray Cod swim. But there are other important inhabitants – trillions of microscopic organisms. You might not give much thought to the sedimentary microbes of a lagoon. But these tiny microbes in the mud are vital to river ecosystems, quietly cycling nutrients and supporting the food web. Healthy microbes make for a healthy Coorong – and this unassuming lagoon is a key indicator for the health of the entire Murray-Darling Basin. For decades, the Coorong has been in poor health. Low water flows have concentrated salt and an excess of nutrients. But in 2022, torrential rains on the east coast turned into a once-in-a-century flood, which swept down the Murray into the Coorong. In our new research, we took the pulse of the Coorong’s microbiome after this huge flood and found the surging fresh water corrected microbial imbalances. The numbers of methane producing microbes fell while beneficial nutrient-eating bacteria grew. Populations of plants, animals and invertebrates boomed. We can’t just wait for irregular floods – we have to find ways to ensure enough water is left in the river to cleanse the Coorong naturally. Under a scanning electron micrograph, the mixed community of microbes in water is visible. This image shows a seawater sample. Sophie Leterme/Flinders University, CC BY Rivers have microbiomes, just like us Our gut microbes can change after a heavy meal or in response to dietary changes. In humans, a sudden shift in diet can encourage either helpful or harmful microbes. In the same way, aquatic microbes respond to changes in salinity and freshwater flows. Depending on what changes are happening, some species boom and others bust. As water gets saltier in brackish lagoons, communities of microbes have to adapt or die. High salinity often favours microbes with anaerobic metabolisms, meaning they don’t need oxygen. But these tiny lifeforms often produce the highly potent greenhouse gas methane. The microbes in wetlands are a large natural source of the gas. While we know pulses of freshwater are vital for river health, they don’t happen often enough. The waters of the Murray-Darling Basin support most of Australia’s irrigated farming. Negotiations over how to ensure adequate environmental flows have been fraught – and long-running. Water buybacks have improved matters somewhat, but researchers have found the river basin’s ecosystems are not in good condition. Wetlands such as the Coorong are a natural source of methane. The saltier the water gets, the more environmentally harmful microbes flourish – potentially producing more methane. Vincent_Nguyen The Coorong is out of balance A century ago, regular pulses of fresh water from the Murray flushed nutrients and sediment out of the Coorong, helping maintain habitat for fish, waterbirds and the plants and invertebrates they eat. While other catchments discharge into the Coorong, the Murray is by far the major water source. Over the next decades, growth in water use for farming meant less water in the river. In the 1930s, barrages were built near the river’s mouth to control nearby lake levels and prevent high salinity moving upstream in the face of reduced river flows. Major droughts have added further stress. Under these low-flow conditions, salt and nutrients get more and more concentrated, reaching extreme levels due to South Australia’s high rate of evaporation. In response, microbial communities can trigger harmful algae blooms or create low-oxygen “dead zones”, suffocating river life. The big flush of 2022 In 2022, torrential rain fell in many parts of eastern Australia. Rainfall on the inland side of the Great Dividing Range filled rivers in the Murray-Darling Basin. That year became the largest flood since 1956. We set about recording the changes. As the salinity fell in ultra-salty areas, local microbial communities in the sediment were reshuffled. The numbers of methane-producing microbes fell sharply. This means the floods would have temporarily reduced the Coorong’s greenhouse footprint. Christopher Keneally sampling for microbes in the Coorong in 2022. Tyler Dornan, CC BY When we talk about harmful bacteria, we’re referring to microbes that emit greenhouse gases such as methane, drive the accumulation of toxic sulfide (such as Desulfobacteraceae), or cause algae blooms (Cyanobacteria) that can sicken people, fish and wildlife. During the flood, beneficial microbes from groups such as Halanaerobiaceae and Beggiatoaceae grew rapidly, consuming nutrients such as nitrogen, which is extremely high in the Coorong. This is very useful to prevent algae blooms. Beggiatoaceae bacteria also remove toxic sulfide compounds. The floods also let plants and invertebrates bounce back, flushed out salt and supported a healthier food web. On balance, we found the 2022 flood was positive for the Coorong. It’s as if the Coorong switched packets of chips for carrot sticks – the flood pulse reduced harmful bacteria and encouraged beneficial ones. While the variety of microbes shrank in some areas, those remaining performed key functions helping keep the ecosystem in balance. From 2022 to 2023, consistent high flows let native fish and aquatic plants bounce back, in turn improving feeding grounds for birds and allowing black swans to thrive. A group of black swans cruise the Coorong’s waters. Darcy Whittaker, CC BY Floods aren’t enough When enough water is allowed to flow down the Murray to the Coorong, ecosystems get healthier. But the Coorong has been in poor health for decades. It can’t just rely on rare flood events. Next year, policymakers will review the Murray-Darling Basin Plan, which sets the rules for sharing water in Australia’s largest and most economically important river system. Balancing our needs with those of other species is tricky. But if we neglect the environment, we risk more degradation and biodiversity loss in the Coorong. As the climate changes and rising water demands squeeze the basin, decision-makers must keep the water flowing for wildlife. Christopher Keneally receives funding from the Australian Government Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. His research is affiliated with The University of Adelaide and the Goyder Institute for Water Research. Chris is also a committee member and former president of the Biology Society of South Australia, and a member of the Australian Freshwater Sciences Society.Matt Gibbs receives funding from the Australian Government Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Sophie Leterme receives funding from the Australian Research Council (ARC). Her research is affiliated with Flinders University, with the ARC Training Centre for Biofilm Research & Innovation, and with the Goyder Institute for Water Research.Justin Brookes does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Murphy, a Beloved Bald Eagle Who Became a Foster Dad, Dies Following Violent Storms in Missouri

A beloved bald eagle who gained popularity after incubating a rock is mourned after dying from head trauma sustained during violent storms in Missouri last week

A beloved bald eagle who gained popularity for incubating a rock in 2023 is being mourned Saturday after the 33-year-old avian died following intense storms that recently moved through Missouri. Murphy, who surpassed the average life span of 25 years, died last week at the World Bird Sanctuary in Valley Park, Missouri. Sanctuary officials believe the violent storms that ripped apart homes and claimed 12 lives last weekend may have factored in the bird's death. They said birds have access to shelters where they can weather storms and the sanctuary has contingency plans for different environmental situations. But evacuations weren't performed since no tornadoes approached the sanctuary. Three other birds who were in the same shelter with Murphy survived. A veterinarian performed a necropsy and found the bald eagle sustained head trauma. “We are unable to determine if Murphy was spooked by something and hit his head while jumping off a perch or if wind and precipitation played a part in the injury,” a statement shared by the sanctuary on social media said. Murphy lived in the sanctuary's Avian Avenue exhibit area and rose to prominence in 2023 when he incubated a rock. His instincts were rewarded when he was allowed to foster an injured eaglet that he nurtured back to health. The eaglet was eventually released back to the wild and another eaglet was entrusted to Murphy's care. The second eaglet is expected to be released into the wild this summer.“In honor of Murphy’s legacy, we plan to name the eventual eagle fostering aviary Murphy’s Manor, so that we can continue to remember him for decades to come,” the sanctuary's statement added.Copyright 2025 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.Photos You Should See - Feb. 2025

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