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Artist Michael Brophy explores the haunting legacy of the Hanford nuclear site

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Saturday, March 22, 2025

Michael Brophy has earned a reputation as one of the most distinctive artists in the region, known for his meticulously rendered paintings that capture the beauty of the Pacific Northwest landscape while reflecting, as he says in an artist’s statement, “the interconnectedness of human, natural, and cultural histories — the subtle, often violent interplay between humans and the planet.”Those complex elements are powerfully woven into Brophy’s current exhibition, “Reach: The Hanford Series,” on display through April 27 at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art on the University of Oregon Campus.Nine large-scale paintings — a number that relates to the nine nuclear reactors located at the decommissioned nuclear production complex at Hanford, Washington — are both visually powerful and deeply thought-provoking.That stands to reason, considering the complicated history of the 580-square-mile Hanford site. The Hanford Reach is a 51-mile section of the Columbia River, on the northeastern border of the area.As the official Hanford website notes, native tribes lived for centuries on the land, but they and others were ordered to evacuate in early 1943, when the federal government decided to locate portions of the Manhattan Project — the top-secret research project that produced the first atomic bombs — on the Washington state property where the communities of White Bluffs and Hanford were located.Artist Michael Brophy's "Reach: The Hanford Series" is on exhibit at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art on the University of Oregon campus, in Eugene.Images courtesy the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, University of Oregon; photography by Josie BrownEven after the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, and World War II ended, plutonium production continued at Hanford until 1987. What was left behind included radioactive and chemical waste, and major environmental clean-up projects.Brophy’s paintings — which are accompanied by copy providing context about what viewers are seeing — depict the land, the ghosts of buildings that once stood there, barren trees, the hulking B reactor (the first plutonium production reactor in the world), an array of vintage warning signs (“EVACUATE 1. When radiation alarm sounds, or 2. When advised by a radiation monitor”), and more.“There’s a bit of lure there with some beauty,” says Brophy, 65. “But there’s also a punch.”In 2017, Brophy was invited to visit the Hanford complex by a member of the organization, Physicians for Social Responsibility. Michael Brophy's "Reach: The Hanford Series" is on exhibit at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, on the University of Oregon campus in Eugene.Images courtesy the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, University of Oregon; photography by Josie Brown“I really had not done much research on it,” Brophy says. “Other than what you kind of know, growing up here. I just sort of let the place roll over me. And then I started the series probably about three or four years later, I think. I let it marinate a bit, and came up with the idea of doing nine canvases because there are nine decommissioned reactors on site. And so that was the concept.“Brophy thought further about what he had seen and photographed at the site, following a 2023 trip to Rome. He made the connection between “the ruins of Rome, where you had one civilization sitting on top of another civilization,” with what had occurred at the Hanford site.“Reach: The Hanford Series” also relates to recurring themes in Brophy’s work, which, as he says, is often “an homage to the landscape of the Northwest, which I love.” Another theme is what Brophy calls “the Machine in the Garden, our intervention into the natural world,” elements that appear, for example, in Brophy paintings that depict clear-cut areas in Northwest forests.Asked what he hopes visitors to “Reach: The Hanford Series” may take away from the exhibit, Brophy says he doesn’t think much about that, since each viewer will have their own experience,Artist Michael Brophy is shown at his exhibit, "Reach: The Hanford Series," on display at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art on the University of Oregon campus, in Eugene.Images courtesy the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, University of Oregon; photography by Brian Davies“I guess I would hope people think about this site, and what this place is,” Brophy says. “It borders the (Columbia) river for 50 miles. It’s a very strange thing, to have such a pristine place, that’s so polluted and deadly.”“Reach: The Hanford Series” is on exhibit at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art on the University of Oregon campus through April 27.

Michael Brophy’s exhibit, "Reach: The Hanford Series," is on display at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art at the University of Oregon.

Michael Brophy has earned a reputation as one of the most distinctive artists in the region, known for his meticulously rendered paintings that capture the beauty of the Pacific Northwest landscape while reflecting, as he says in an artist’s statement, “the interconnectedness of human, natural, and cultural histories — the subtle, often violent interplay between humans and the planet.”

Those complex elements are powerfully woven into Brophy’s current exhibition, “Reach: The Hanford Series,” on display through April 27 at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art on the University of Oregon Campus.

Nine large-scale paintings — a number that relates to the nine nuclear reactors located at the decommissioned nuclear production complex at Hanford, Washington — are both visually powerful and deeply thought-provoking.

That stands to reason, considering the complicated history of the 580-square-mile Hanford site. The Hanford Reach is a 51-mile section of the Columbia River, on the northeastern border of the area.

As the official Hanford website notes, native tribes lived for centuries on the land, but they and others were ordered to evacuate in early 1943, when the federal government decided to locate portions of the Manhattan Project — the top-secret research project that produced the first atomic bombs — on the Washington state property where the communities of White Bluffs and Hanford were located.

"Reach: The Hanford Series"

Artist Michael Brophy's "Reach: The Hanford Series" is on exhibit at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art on the University of Oregon campus, in Eugene.Images courtesy the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, University of Oregon; photography by Josie Brown

Even after the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, and World War II ended, plutonium production continued at Hanford until 1987. What was left behind included radioactive and chemical waste, and major environmental clean-up projects.

Brophy’s paintings — which are accompanied by copy providing context about what viewers are seeing — depict the land, the ghosts of buildings that once stood there, barren trees, the hulking B reactor (the first plutonium production reactor in the world), an array of vintage warning signs (“EVACUATE 1. When radiation alarm sounds, or 2. When advised by a radiation monitor”), and more.

“There’s a bit of lure there with some beauty,” says Brophy, 65. “But there’s also a punch.”

In 2017, Brophy was invited to visit the Hanford complex by a member of the organization, Physicians for Social Responsibility.

"Reach: The Hanford Series"

Michael Brophy's "Reach: The Hanford Series" is on exhibit at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, on the University of Oregon campus in Eugene.Images courtesy the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, University of Oregon; photography by Josie Brown

“I really had not done much research on it,” Brophy says. “Other than what you kind of know, growing up here. I just sort of let the place roll over me. And then I started the series probably about three or four years later, I think. I let it marinate a bit, and came up with the idea of doing nine canvases because there are nine decommissioned reactors on site. And so that was the concept.“

Brophy thought further about what he had seen and photographed at the site, following a 2023 trip to Rome. He made the connection between “the ruins of Rome, where you had one civilization sitting on top of another civilization,” with what had occurred at the Hanford site.

“Reach: The Hanford Series” also relates to recurring themes in Brophy’s work, which, as he says, is often “an homage to the landscape of the Northwest, which I love.” Another theme is what Brophy calls “the Machine in the Garden, our intervention into the natural world,” elements that appear, for example, in Brophy paintings that depict clear-cut areas in Northwest forests.

Asked what he hopes visitors to “Reach: The Hanford Series” may take away from the exhibit, Brophy says he doesn’t think much about that, since each viewer will have their own experience,

Michael Brophy

Artist Michael Brophy is shown at his exhibit, "Reach: The Hanford Series," on display at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art on the University of Oregon campus, in Eugene.Images courtesy the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, University of Oregon; photography by Brian Davies

“I guess I would hope people think about this site, and what this place is,” Brophy says. “It borders the (Columbia) river for 50 miles. It’s a very strange thing, to have such a pristine place, that’s so polluted and deadly.”

“Reach: The Hanford Series” is on exhibit at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art on the University of Oregon campus through April 27.

Read the full story here.
Photos courtesy of

Pilot study finds fiber helps reduce PFAS levels in the body

A Canadian clinical trial published in the journal Environmental Health, found some reductions of PFAS concentrations in people taking dietary fiber supplements for 4 weeks.In short:The fiber intervention was successful at decreasing levels of PFOA and PFOS, long-chain PFAS that are now being replaced with short-chain PFAS.While PFAS levels were not linked to poor cholesterol levels, some of the short-chain PFAS were linked to markers of liver damage. This was the first time some of these short-chain PFAS have been found in Canadians. Key quote: “Results from this pilot analysis suggest a potentially practical and feasible intervention that may reduce human body burdens for some PFASs.” Why this matters: We are all exposed to PFAS via the water we drink, food we eat, air we breathe, and products we use. While long-chain PFAS are being phased out, they are still present in our bodies and the environment due to their persistence. Additional studies have found that fiber-rich diets and the consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with lower PFAS concentrations; increasing fiber consumption may be a way that people can reduce their PFAS body burden and potentially help reduce health effects. Related EHN coverage: Individual actions such as eating more fiber can help an individual address their own exposure, but better regulations can reduce exposures throughout society: Stricter toxic chemical rules reduce Californians’ exposuresStates move to cement PFAS protections amid fears of federal rollbacksOp-ed: After decades of disinformation, the US finally begins regulating PFAS chemicals More resources PFAS Exchange National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM): Guidance on PFAS Exposure, Testing, and Clinical Follow-Up Michigan State University’s CME course for medical professionals: Nonstick Nuisance: Medical Monitoring for PFAS Healthline: 16 easy ways to eat more fiber Schlezinger, Jennifer et al. for Environmental Health, 15 March 2025.

A Canadian clinical trial published in the journal Environmental Health, found some reductions of PFAS concentrations in people taking dietary fiber supplements for 4 weeks.In short:The fiber intervention was successful at decreasing levels of PFOA and PFOS, long-chain PFAS that are now being replaced with short-chain PFAS.While PFAS levels were not linked to poor cholesterol levels, some of the short-chain PFAS were linked to markers of liver damage. This was the first time some of these short-chain PFAS have been found in Canadians. Key quote: “Results from this pilot analysis suggest a potentially practical and feasible intervention that may reduce human body burdens for some PFASs.” Why this matters: We are all exposed to PFAS via the water we drink, food we eat, air we breathe, and products we use. While long-chain PFAS are being phased out, they are still present in our bodies and the environment due to their persistence. Additional studies have found that fiber-rich diets and the consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with lower PFAS concentrations; increasing fiber consumption may be a way that people can reduce their PFAS body burden and potentially help reduce health effects. Related EHN coverage: Individual actions such as eating more fiber can help an individual address their own exposure, but better regulations can reduce exposures throughout society: Stricter toxic chemical rules reduce Californians’ exposuresStates move to cement PFAS protections amid fears of federal rollbacksOp-ed: After decades of disinformation, the US finally begins regulating PFAS chemicals More resources PFAS Exchange National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM): Guidance on PFAS Exposure, Testing, and Clinical Follow-Up Michigan State University’s CME course for medical professionals: Nonstick Nuisance: Medical Monitoring for PFAS Healthline: 16 easy ways to eat more fiber Schlezinger, Jennifer et al. for Environmental Health, 15 March 2025.

Otty Original Hybrid mattress review: the best hybrid mattress you can buy – and also one of the cheapest

This ‘bed-in-a-box’ mattress gave our tester her best sleep in years and it’s hundreds of pounds cheaper than some of its rivals• The best mattresses: sleep better with our six rigorously tested picksI’ve been reviewing mattresses for about four years and suffering from broken sleep for three times as long. The right mattress can markedly improve sleep quality, but switching between them so regularly seemed to feed my insomnia. Then I met the Otty Original Hybrid and I was blissfully dead to the world.The Original Hybrid is the flagship “bed-in-a-box” mattress from UK company Otty Sleep. It combines thousands of pocket springs with multiple layers of memory foam – some soft, some thumpingly firm – to offer robust ergonomic support without sacrificing comfort. At less than £680 for a double, it’s among the cheapest bed-in-a-box hybrids (meaning a combination of memory foam and springs) you can buy, and after testing several I’m confident that it’s the best buy. Continue reading...

I’ve been reviewing mattresses for about four years and suffering from broken sleep for three times as long. The right mattress can markedly improve sleep quality, but switching between them so regularly seemed to feed my insomnia. Then I met the Otty Original Hybrid and I was blissfully dead to the world.The Guardian’s journalism is independent. We will earn a commission if you buy something through an affiliate link. Learn more.The Original Hybrid is the flagship “bed-in-a-box” mattress from UK company Otty Sleep. It combines thousands of pocket springs with multiple layers of memory foam – some soft, some thumpingly firm – to offer robust ergonomic support without sacrificing comfort. At less than £680 for a double, it’s among the cheapest bed-in-a-box hybrids (meaning a combination of memory foam and springs) you can buy, and after testing several I’m confident that it’s the best buy.The Otty is one of only two mattresses that I tested – along with the more expensive Simba Hybrid Pro – that resulted in an excellent sleep from night one. After weeks of marvellous kip, a mattress-scoring family session and rigorous lab-style tests later, it replaced the Simba as the mattress I was most reluctant to give up. Here, I explain why.View at OttyHow I testedDumbbell weights helped me measure any sinkage of the mattress. Photograph: Jane HoskynI slept on a double Otty Original Hybrid for several weeks, alongside my husband, on our robust slatted wooden bed base. As with all the mattresses I tested, I tracked the Otty’s impact on our sleep quality and other factors, such as body aches, night sweats and disturbances from tossing and turning. I also ran tests to measure factors including sinkage and heat retention, and I enlisted the help of my locally based family to assess its firmness, comfort and value for money.What you need to know, from price to firmness‘At the firmer end of medium firm.’ Photograph: Jane HoskynView at OttyThe Original Hybrid is one of Otty’s slate of nine mattresses, all but two of which are hybrids. As with all hybrid mattresses, it combines pocket springs with various densities of foam to strike a balance of support (mainly from springs) and cushioning (mainly from foam). Topping off these layers is a soft cover that you can unzip and machine wash.Prices for the Original Hybrid start at £499.99 for a single and rise to £874.99 for an emperor size (200 x 200cm), with a double costing £674.99 (a double Simba Hybrid Pro is £1,149, although it is on offer for £942.18). Indeed, none of Otty’s mattresses is wildly expensive. The cheapest Aura Hybrid costs £474.99 for a double, while the priciest hybrid double is the Pure+ Hybrid 4000 (£874.99).The Otty was delivered vacuum-shrunk and encased in metres of sturdy plastic to stop it from expandingAt 25cm deep and with six layers, there’s less of the Otty than the 28cm eight-layer Simba Hybrid Pro. Its 2,000 spring count lands midway between the Simba (which has nearly 5,000) and the budget Ikea Valevåg (fewer than 300), although the Otty’s springs are particularly tall at 16cm.The Otty also includes a couple of layers of high-density foam to enhance the support from the springs. Its largest foam layer is a dense base for support and durability, and there’s another robust layer just above the springs to limit bounce and improve motion isolation. Other memory foam layers include a heat-regulating layer below the washable cover, which I found gave the mattress a lovely breathable feel.Otty describes the Original Hybrid as “medium firm”, but that term is a movable feast so I used a set of weights to find out where it really ranked. During my first month of testing, it sank a maximum of 25mm under 7.5kg of weight – closer to the firmest mattress I’ve tested (the Origin Hybrid Pro, which sank 18mm) than the softest (the Eve Wunderflip Hybrid, 40mm). According to that, and the impressions of my family, the Hybrid Pro is at the firmer end of medium firm. All memory foam softens over time, however, so you should rotate the mattress from head to toe once a month to avoid indentations where you sleep. You’re not supposed to flip the mattress.As with all bed-in-a-box mattress companies and their lack of showrooms, you can’t try the Original Hybrid before you buy it. But if it doesn’t hit the spot for you, you have 100 nights to sleep on it (using sheets to protect it) before deciding whether to keep it for good. During that time, Otty will collect it for free and give you a full refund. I tried this service five years ago with an Otty I’d bought, and it worked as promised, no questions asked.You also get a 10-year guarantee that covers manufacturing defects but excludes damage you may have caused by “standing on or jumping on the mattress”. How Otty would know you’d done this, I’m not sure. It makes me wonder about the solidity and durability of a mattress if you’re banned from standing on it, but this is a common warranty condition for hybrids.SpecificationsType: hybridFirmness: advertised as medium firm, panel rated as 8/10Depth: 25cmCover: unzip to wash at 40CTurn or rotate: rotate once a month for first 12 months, then every three monthsTrial period: 100 nightsWarranty: 10 yearsOld mattress recycling: £40Sustainability credentials: foam is CertiPUR- and Europur-approved for environmental standardsDeliveryOtty charges £10 for delivery to a room of your choice. Photograph: Jane HoskynAs with all the mattresses I’ve tested for the Filter, the Otty was packaged and delivered in bed-in-a-box fashion. That means it’s vacuum-shrunk by machines in the factory, encased in metres of sturdy plastic to keep it from expanding, and then delivered to your home in a big cardboard box.Delivery of all my test mattresses was a near-identical experience. The Otty, like most, was handled by third-party couriers (ArrowXL in this case; only the Ikea Valevåg was delivered by a manufacturer-branded team) and took less than a week. I had to be at home, but I was kept fully in the loop by text alerts from Otty the day before and of delivery, with a pleasingly tight two-hour window and a link to track the driver on a map.Otty charges £10 to deliver your mattress to a room of your choice, but I plumped for having it left in the hallway. I then needed my husband’s help to remove the frankly insane amount of packaging (standard for bed-in-a-box mattresses, sadly). Otty does make it easier than most, though, with a special plastic-slicing tool that helps avoid nicking the mattress.I wouldn’t sleep on the expanding Original Hybrid after a few hours as Otty says is possible – it just won’t be comfortable – but ours had fully expanded after about a day and a half. This was faster than the more sumptuous Simba and slower than the cheaper pocket-sprung Ikea Valevåg, which suggests that a higher memory foam content requires a longer expansion time.What we loveEven the cat was a fan of the Original Hybrid. Photograph: Jane HoskynSleep doesn’t always come easily to me – I’ve been known to need two baths and several bowls of soup to help me nod off – but the Otty worked like a sleeping pill in mattress form. The sleep tracker on my smartwatch also revealed that I woke up briefly in the night (microarousals) less often than usual. I put this down to the Otty’s outstanding balance of ergonomic support, cushioning and breathability.skip past newsletter promotionGet the best shopping advice from the Filter team straight to your inbox. The Guardian’s journalism is independent. We will earn a commission if you buy something through an affiliate link.Privacy Notice: Newsletters may contain info about charities, online ads, and content funded by outside parties. For more information see our Privacy Policy. We use Google reCaptcha to protect our website and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.after newsletter promotionThe Otty doesn’t completely lack bounce, but its foam layers absorb movement beautifully to help me sleep in peacePre-sleep, I’d asked my panel (otherwise known as my family) to come over and rate the Otty alongside five other mattresses. They rated it as less firm than I did, putting it at 8/10 – near the middle of the pool for mattress firmness. For overall comfort, however, they ranked it the best, with an average score of 8.3/10.“Can we have this one?” asked my sister, noting that the Otty is surprisingly light and manoeuvrable for such a robust mattress, and would be relatively easy to transport across town to her house. Having designated myself lead tester, I had to put my foot down. The Otty was ours, at least until testing was over and it was collected for charity.My husband, Alan, and I slept on it for two months and both found its supportiveness to be a relief after some more challengingly soft and inconsistent sleeping surfaces. It’s not too firm for comfort, though. As a petite side sleeper, I need a bit of cushioning to accommodate my shoulders and hips, and I get lower back pain on very firm mattresses – but this didn’t happen with the Otty.The mattress’s foam layers absorb movement beautifully. Photograph: Jane HoskynIts motion isolation is also excellent. Sharing my bouncy old sprung mattress with a fidgety sleeper was less fun than it sounds because the springs seemed to amplify his (and my) tossing and turning. The Otty doesn’t completely lack bounce, especially on my bed’s slatted base, but its foam layers absorb movement beautifully to help me sleep in peace.A big downside of memory foam is that it can trap heat, but I don’t find this to be true for the Original Hybrid – at least not any more. A previous iteration of the Otty Hybrid, which I tried in 2019, felt … clingy. There was no breathing space between the fabric and my skin. Today’s Otty Original Hybrid rectifies this with a cosy-but-cooling feel. Asked for their impressions of its breathability, my family awarded 8.3/10: less airy than the pocket-sprung Ikea Valevåg, but more than the Simba.I’ve yet to try it out in summer, but my lab tests suggested that the Otty works well to stop you from overheating at night. Using a heat pad, a thermometer and my husband’s bottom, I discovered that the Otty cooled down faster than rivals that contain more foam, including the Simba and the Eve Wunderflip Hybrid.Another gold star for the Otty was its snug fit for my fitted sheets. At 25cm deep, it’s not a thin mattress, but it’s slim enough for a secure fit. As a fan of a perfectly flat cotton sleep surface, I regard this as an absolute must. The 28cm-deep Simba is a tighter squeeze, and the 31cm Origin Hybrid Pro is so big you can’t use standard-depth fitted sheets.What we don’t loveEdge and corner support could be much improved. Photograph: Jane HoskynThere’s little I don’t love about the Otty. The only other mattress that felt as instantly comfortable, the Simba Hybrid Pro, costs much more and didn’t seem to retain its consistent supportiveness as well as the Otty over the months of testing.Otty’s foam is made in line with EU legislation to minimise any health and environmental impactSome people will find the Otty too firm for comfort, though. My 84-year-old dad was alone in our testing panel to find the Otty too hard on his joints – a sensation I experienced with the firmer Origin Hybrid Pro. Memory foam softens over the months, however, and I noticed a slight sinkage in the sleeping surface over my two months of testing. The sinkage was less pronounced than with the Simba, and it didn’t stop me from sleeping and waking in comfort.The Otty betrays its relative cheapness in a few ways. Edge and corner support could be much improved. “Do the springs even go right to the edge?” asked Alan, alarmed by the way the mattress flattened beneath him when he sat on the side.Its relatively nimble weight also gives the Otty a less extravagant feel than the Simba, Eve or Origin, and may point to more limited durability. Two months is long enough for me to test its impact on my sleep but it’s too short to judge its stamina, and I suspect that its less sophisticated construction will see the Otty retain its consistent supportiveness for less time than its more expensive rivals. Bear that in mind if you’re trying to spend more wisely by investing in homewares that will last many years.SustainabilityEvery foam batch is tested to ensure it’s non-toxic and hypoallergenic. Photograph: Jane HoskynThe metal springs and polyester fabric used in the Otty are easily and widely recycled, but memory foam is another matter. The memory foam used in mattresses is viscoelastic LRPu (low-resistance polyurethane foam) – polyurethane that’s been chemically treated to make it elastic and dense in various degrees – and its energy-intensive manufacture is more complex than its pronunciation. It is not biodegradable and, despite the best efforts of industry bodies, it’s hard to paint it as sustainable.To its credit, Otty has striven to make its mattresses as sustainable as possible given the materials used. All its foam is certified by Europur and CertiPur and made in line with EU legislation to minimise any health and environmental impact. No ozone depleters, TDCPP, mercury or lead are used in manufacturing and every foam batch is tested to ensure it’s non-toxic and hypoallergenic.Otty runs a mattress recycling service, charging £40 (plus £20 for each additional one) to take away your old mattress and recycle it, whether it’s an Otty or not. This is cheaper than rivals, with Simba charging £50. I haven’t tested Otty’s recycling service and can’t confirm what actually happens to collected mattresses, but the company says “they are responsibly recycled, with materials like foam, fabric and metal springs being repurposed to minimise waste and protect the environment”.Otty Original Hybrid: Should I buy it?The Otty Original Hybrid is a comfortable and wonderfully supportive mattress that improved my sleep from the first night. It’s less heavy and less expensive than some rivals, but it outclassed them in my tests. It may prove to be less durable than them, but its 10-year warranty reassures me that it’s good for thousands of superb sleeps.View at OttyJane Hoskyn is a freelance consumer journalist and WFH pioneer with three decades of experience in rearranging bookshelves and ‘testing’ coffee machines while deadlines loom. Her work has made her a low-key expert in all manner of consumables, from sports watches to solar panels. She would always rather be in the woods

Enormous glaciers on Snowball Earth helped life evolve

A new study says that glaciers covering our planet during a Snowball Earth period likely helped give life an evolutionary boost. The post Enormous glaciers on Snowball Earth helped life evolve first appeared on EarthSky.

Around 700 million years ago, enormous ancient glaciers gave life on Earth an evolutionary boost. Find out how in this 1-minute video, and read more below. Glaciers helped life evolve For billions of years, the moving sheets of ice we call glaciers have helped form our landscapes. And new research suggests they might also have helped form us. On Februrary 25, 2025, a team of researchers said that 700 million years ago, during one of our planet’s frigid Snowball Earth periods, enormous glaciers carved through our planet’s crust, drawing up minerals previously locked beneath the ice. And when the glaciers eventually melted, these minerals flooded Earth’s oceans, creating conditions that allowed life on our planet to surge in complexity. The researchers published their study in the peer-reviewed journal Geology on February 25, 2025. A hiker overlooks the Aletsch Glacier, the largest glacier in the Alps. Image via Robert J. Heath/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0). The 2025 EarthSky lunar calendar makes a great gift. Get yours today! Glaciers: Nature’s bulldozers Also known as rivers of ice, glaciers are dense ice bodies that move downhill under their own weight. They form when many layers of snowfall compress each other, squeezing out any pockets of air and forming dense ice crystals. This process means that glacial ice is technically a form of metamorphic rock! But it flows downhill like slow-moving water, shaped by the land while also shaping the land itself. Glaciers have the power to bulldoze through forests with ease, and they carve out distinctive U-shaped valleys as they slide downhill. Currently, glaciers cover about 10% of Earth’s surface and hold around 68% of our freshwater. That includes the great glacial ice sheets at the poles. But scientists think that around 700 million years ago, these ice sheets covered the entire globe. This was during one of the hypothesized Snowball Earth periods, when glaciers up to 1km thick spread from pole to pole, likely due to a drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The researchers compared the chemical makeup of sedimentary rocks dating to before and after this glacial period. And they concluded that these enormous glaciers must have scraped deep into Earth’s crust as they moved, picking up masses of sediment and minerals. Artist’s concept of a Snowball Earth, when our planet’s surface was completely covered in ice and snow. Image via NASA/ University of Washington. Unlocking the Earth’s potential Within a few tens of millions of years, carbon dioxide levels increased to the point at which the greenhouse effect started to warm Earth out of its ice age. And as the glaciers melted, these minerals – which had previously been locked below masses of ice – were released. Lead author Chris Kirkland of Curtin University explained: When these giant ice sheets melted, they triggered enormous floods that flushed minerals and their chemicals, including uranium, into the oceans. This influx of elements changed ocean chemistry, at a time when more complex life was starting to evolve. At this time, life on Earth was very simple, and mostly – if not entirely – confined to the oceans. And it seems that this cycling of key minerals into the oceans might have given life an evolutionary boost. Kirkland said: We see different forms of life, more complex life, developing after this period of time. This wasn’t the first time in Earth’s history that widespread glaciers melted into the oceans. So you might question: why did an evolutionary explosion occur after this ice age in particular? One reason could be that it coincided with the Neoproterozoic oxygenation event, which saw a huge increase in oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Scientists believe this increased availability of oxygen could have contributed to the sudden development of complex life in this period, perhaps in tandem with the influx of minerals into the ocean. The mountain in the distance is Aoraki/ Mount Cook, the tallest peak in New Zealand. Long ago, the glacier running down the mountain carved out this now-verdant valley (the Hooker Valley). Image via Will Triggs. An interconnected, ever-changing world To Kirkland, the study’s findings are a testament to the interconnectedness of Earth’s natural processes. He said: This study highlights how Earth’s land, oceans, atmosphere and climate are intimately connected; where even ancient glacial activity set off chemical chain reactions that reshaped the planet. And this is especially important, Kirkland suggested, in light of our currently changing climate. He explained: This research is a stark reminder that while Earth itself will endure, the conditions that make it habitable can change dramatically. These ancient climate shifts demonstrate that environmental changes, whether natural or human-driven, have profound and lasting impacts. Bottom line: A new study says that glaciers covering our planet during a Snowball Earth period likely helped give life an evolutionary boost. Source: The Neoproterozoic glacial broom Via Curtin University Read more: What drove Snowball Earth? A drop in a greenhouse gas Read more: Salt glaciers on Mercury could harbor habitable nichesThe post Enormous glaciers on Snowball Earth helped life evolve first appeared on EarthSky.

A burning California landfill has made neighbors miserable for 3 years. Can lawmakers help?

A smoldering reaction under the Chiquita Canyon Landfill in Southern California has made its neighbors' lives miserable for almost three years. A bill that seeks to compensate them faces uncertainty amid state budget challenges and bigger LA County wildfires.

In summary A smoldering reaction under the Chiquita Canyon Landfill in Southern California has made its neighbors’ lives miserable for almost three years. A bill that seeks to compensate them faces uncertainty amid state budget challenges and bigger LA County wildfires. For more than two years, Assemblymember Pilar Schiavo’s constituents have been complaining to her about the stench and fumes they’ve been breathing since trash buried at the Chiquita Canyon Landfill in Southern California ignited and never stopped burning. Shiavo, a Democrat representing the Santa Clarita Valley north of Los Angeles, decided to spend the night as a guest of one of the 639-acre landfill’s closest neighbors. She wanted to experience for herself what life is like for the hundreds of people who’ve complained about the noxious fumes since the underground chemical reaction started below the Castaic landfill in May 2022.  It’s not known what caused the chemical reaction, but federal officials say the burn zone has grown underground to at least 35 acres. As the landfill belches a stench like rotten milk, residents allege chemical emissions are making them sick. And it could keep burning for years.When she arrived in Val Verde, it didn’t take long before Schiavo got a pounding headache. Her skin felt itchy. When she woke up the following day, she was disturbed to get her first bloody nose in years, she said. “People are getting sick,” Schiavo said in a video diary taken on her phone during her stay last fall. “People are being barricaded in their homes, and not opening windows and doors and not letting kids come out and play on trampolines because they’re afraid of breathing the air. … We have to get people out of here and keep them safe.” This week, the state Assembly held its first committee hearing for her legislation, Assembly Bill 27, a measure co-authored by six Southern California Democrats that would spare residents from paying taxes on the compensation they have received from the landfill’s owner. The relief fund set up by Texas-based Waste Connections can be used to pay for additional costs such as higher electricity from running air filters and air conditioners and for temporary housing. Faced with lawsuits from residents and Los Angeles County, Waste Connections opened the fund from March 2024 to February to the residents of Val Verde, Live Oak, Hasley Hills, Hillcrest Parkway, Hasley Canyon and Stevenson Ranch. The company didn’t respond to an interview request, but it says on its website that the payments were expected to exceed $25 million. In December the company said in response to a lawsuit that 1,829 households had received funding. “In addition, Chiquita has distributed nearly 3,000 air purifiers to local residents at a cost of over $1 million, and has paid to ensure every school near the landfill has carbon filtration in every classroom and multipurpose space,” the company said. The company maintains that it has taken steps to try to contain the reaction, but just this week state officials told community members in Castaic that the underground heat zone had expanded beyond a plastic cover over the landfill’s surface to try to contain emissions. Chiquita Canyon residents seek state relief Steven Howse, 50, is one of the residents who’s accepted the company’s funds. He told the Assembly Revenue and Taxation Committee that the money helped make life somewhat more bearable for his family, whose home is just 1,600 feet from the 53-year-old landfill that stopped trucking in more trash late last year. Howse’s family, like many of its neighbors, claims the landfill’s emissions have made them sick. He said his wife was recently diagnosed with breast cancer and one of their four children was diagnosed with a rare autoimmune disease. He said he’s constantly battling respiratory illnesses.  He didn’t tell the committee how much he received, but said he used the cash for upgrades for his home to “harden” it to prepare for wildfires. He also had to upgrade the home’s air conditioning system and buy new air filters and windows to try to keep the stench out.  “A lot of times we had to leave the area due to the toxins … because it would be so bad at our house,” he said. “We also used the funds to take our RV trailer out of the area or visit family when we just couldn’t take it any longer.” Richard Humanic, second from left, wears a gas mask while joining fellow residents of Val Verde and Castaic in a protest calling for the closure of Chiquita Canyon Landfill at Hasley Canyon Park in Castaic on Feb. 22, 2024. Photo by Allen J. Schaben, Los Angeles Times via Getty Images Howse has a job in the film industry, but Schiavo said other low-income residents who qualify for state assistance programs have been bumped up to a higher tax bracket after taking the payments. “The concern has been that if you take those funds, then do you no longer qualify for CalFresh or Medi-Cal? Does it count against you because of that?” she told the committee. “Are you paying taxes now on this when that money comes in and it goes right out to pay for the costs that are associated with living with this disaster?” Landfill blaze comes amid wildfire budget challenges It’s no sure bet that the bill will advance to become law. Last year, Gov. Gavin Newsom vetoed two similar bills that would have exempted victims of three wildfires from paying state income taxes on settlement payments from the companies alleged to have started those fires.  Learn more about legislators mentioned in this story. Pilar Schiavo Democrat, State Assembly, District 40 (Santa Clarita Valley) Now the state’s budget priorities are uncertain as officials and lawmakers continue to hash out how to pay for Los Angeles wildfire relief, hostility from the Trump administration and a home insurance and affordability crisis.The Revenue and Taxation committee didn’t vote for the measure on Monday, instead moving it to the committee’s “suspense file” for further fiscal analysis. In the meantime, residents aren’t likely to get tax relief from the federal government.Late last year, then-President Joe Biden signed into law a bill that exempted wildfire settlement payments from federal income taxes, but the landfill’s relief funds don’t count since the Chiquita Canyon Landfill site has never been declared an official state or federal disaster.  Meanwhile, residents have filed more than 25,000 complaints to local air quality officials since 2023. The South Coast Air Quality Management District and other state regulators have issued dozens of violation notices. In November, the air district ordered the company to create a webpage that includes real-time air monitoring of smelly or potentially harmful pollutants, including hydrogen sulfide, methane, dimethyl sulfide and volatile organic compounds. As an example of how residents might be breathing potentially toxic fumes, air quality officials noted early last year that local air monitoring data showed that more than one-third of all readings exceeded state standards for hydrogen sulfide, which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says can cause eye irritation, headaches and fatigue, as well as potentially causing cancer or be lethal in highly concentrated doses. Owner Waste Connections faces citations In June, the U.S. EPA also cited the landfill company for violating various regulations intended to safeguard human health. The company is facing potential  civil penalties of up to $59,114 for each day of violation. “EPA cannot comment on ongoing investigations, including assessment of penalties,” EPA spokesperson Joshua Alexander said in an email. Schiavo said that her night’s stay next to the landfill made it clear to her that residents need to get out of there until the trash stops burning.  She has also authored Assembly Bill 28, which would secure state help for the residents around the landfill to find new or temporary housing until it stops smoldering. The details of that bill are still being hashed out. “People are in this terrible situation where they can’t afford to leave because housing is so expensive. Now (after the LA fires), it’s almost impossible,” she told CalMatters.  “And if you sell, who’s going to want to buy it? Then if you’re leaving, you know, you have this moral dilemma. People are like, ‘I don’t want to sell to someone else and then (what if) they start getting sick or their kids start getting sick?’ It’s this horrible situation. We just have to relocate people out of there right now, until it’s safe for folks to go back.”

Houston’s Fifth Ward residents offered free cancer screenings as water, soil testing continues

The cancer screening initiative comes weeks after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released its first round of soil testing results from the area, which found elevated levels of highly toxic chemical compounds at some locations.

Sandra Edwards wears a “Creosote Killed Me” shirt, which were made in response to the creosote contamination allegedly caused by the Union Pacific Railyard. Taken on Jan. 27, 2021.Some residents of Houston's Fifth Ward, where there is ongoing soil and water testing for cancer-causing toxic chemicals, now have the opportunity to receive free cancer screenings as part of a new collaboration between city leaders and a national nonprofit. Houston City Council member Letitia Plummer has coordinated with the National Minority Quality Forum (NMQF) to bring the free screenings to Fifth Ward. The neighborhood will be the first of 20 sites nationwide to participate in NMQF's Cancer Stage Shifting Initiative. According to the Washington-based nonprofit, the new initiative aims to enroll 100,000 participants across the country over the next five years. Over the next several weeks in Houston, volunteers working alongside Egality Health will be going door-to-door to survey residents and provide the opportunity to be screened, with priority for those who have lived in the neighborhood the longest. Plummer said the program is designed to provide testing to those in Fifth Ward who might otherwise not have access to it. Fifth Ward is a predominantly Black and low-income community. "Not having access to health care or not having any type of early detection opportunities is really even more of a problem in the area," Plummer said. "Having the opportunity to have some type of early detection cancer screening is really, really paramount." The cancer screening initiative comes weeks after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released its first round of soil testing results from the area, which found elevated levels of highly toxic chemical compounds at some locations. However, the results did not meet the EPA's threshold for immediate intervention, according to the agency. The soil testing occurred around the now-defunct Houston Wood Preserving Works — a wood treatment facility operated by the former Southern Pacific Railroad from 1911 to 1984. The facility is now owned by Union Pacific Railroad. According to the EPA, creosote, a likely human carcinogen, was the main preserver used at the facility. Plummer said 200 residents per year, for the next two years, will be able to participate in the screening program. "So, it's really important to note here that this is a blood analysis and we're looking for cancer indicators," she said. "So, if [indicators] come up, the next step would be for us to refer them to their primary care physician." If a resident tests positive for cancer indicators but doesn't have insurance, Plummer said the Harris County health department will assist in securing treatment. "If they are uninsured, then we have the commitment from Harris Health to get them eligible for a gold card," she said. "Once they get the card, then they will be able to have their [primary care physician] at Harris Health. ... Obviously, we'll track them along the way, so they'll never be left without information." Beyond screening residents for cancer, research will also be a key aspect of the initiative, Plummer said, especially since Black residents have been under-represented in past clinical research. "Historically, these medications don't work on Black and brown people ... and it's because we don't get in these studies," she said. "So, for medications to work better, we have to educate our communities to say, ‘Listen, I know historically y’all's mindset is the Tuskegee Experiment.' ... We've got to clear that and make sure that we set the record straight on how research works." Plummer said Fifth Ward's Grace Clinic will be administering the screenings and Quest Diagnostics will be conducting the lab testing. The research will also be conducted under an Institutional Review Board (IRB), which will review the ethics of the study. "IRB is a regulation of how research has to be done based on the federal government's Heath and Human Services," she said. "This is an IRB-approved test or screening. It gives validity to the process." NMQF and all of the other partners involved in the initiative will be hosting a community presentation from 5-8 p.m. Thursday at the DeLuxe Theater, 3303 Lyons Ave. Plummer said she hopes the screenings can start a chain reaction of future assistance to a community whose concerns have historically been overlooked. "I think it's important for people to understand that we had to start somewhere," she said. "We're not excluding anyone. We just had to get a starting point. And if this is successful, then I do believe that there will be an opportunity to do more tests. We just have to start."

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